Andrew Scott
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Reprinted courtesy of Blackjack-masters.com
Answers
1. What is your history and how did you learn
to win at BlackJack?
During the 1980s I lived in Hobart, Tasmania in Australia.
Hobart is home to Wrest Point casino which opened
in 1973, the first of Australia's thirteen casinos.
I started going to Wrest Point casino in 1986. I was
a typical casino gambler and as such was destined
to lose in the long run. I felt BlackJack might be
a mathematically beatable game and I wrote some computer
programs to mathematically analyse the game. After
a lot of work on the computer I discovered how to
win at the game. At that time I was not aware that
components of my work were a repetition of work undertaken
in the US from 1956 to the 1970s. Several years later
I discovered this and was encouraged to see that my
conclusions agreed with those of US based mathematics
professors and BlackJack experts. I started as a winning
professional BlackJack player in 1987 and since then
I have continued to study the theoretical mathematics
of the game as well as playing overseas and teaching
BlackJack on a regular basis. Once I changed myself
from a losing player to a winning player I won quite
a lot of money at Wrest Point. Unfortunately, due
to my inexperience at the time at creating ‘cover’
I was identified as a professional and banned from
that casino indefinitely. I went to other casinos
around the country and the story was the same wherever
I went, since I continually came across staff who
knew me from Wrest Point casino. To this day I am
instantly recognised and banned from playing in Australia’s
casinos (as well as several in the Pacific). I was
restricted by Crown casino in Melbourne on 4 July
1994 (four days after opening) and then formally re-restricted
on 7 May 1999. Star City casino in Sydney restricted
me on its opening day, 13 September 1995 and has since
banned me completely.
2. Have I seen you in the media?
I have appeared in the media on numerous occasions.
There was a story on A Current Affair in April 1994
about my unfair treatment by the casinos. In March
1995 there was a feature story about me on the Channel
Nine Today Show. I was interviewed live on the Midday
Show in September 1995 and I appeared on Today Tonight
in February 1996 and on several occasions throughout
1999. I was interviewed live on the Today Show in
May 1999. In May 1999 I lodged a legal challenge with
the Victorian Casino and Gaming Authority against
the rules Crown casino uses to frustrate my BlackJack
game, and this resulted in significant media exposure
In August and October 1999 I lodged submissions with
the Federal Government Productivity Commission’s national
inquiry into Australia’s Gambling Industries. I also
presented information to the Commission in its public
hearings as the representative of skilled BlackJack
players in Australia. In November 2002 I received
further media exposure when I helped found the Responsible
Gaming Association (RGA), a non-profit organisation
dedicated to minimising harm caused in Australia due
to problem gambling. I am the RGA's founding President.
I have been interviewed on radio on many occasions
and also appeared in numerous magazine and newspaper
articles throughout Australia since 1994.
3. I heard you were an accountant. Is this
true?
Yes, that is correct, I am an accountant by profession.
I have a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University
of Tasmania and I worked as an accountant for five
and a half years for a firm of Chartered Accountants.
During that time I was responsible for the preparation
of financial reports such as balance sheets, profit
and loss statements and so on. I specialised in the
fields of taxation and audit. Many of these skills
have been useful while playing and teaching skilled
BlackJack.
4. I’ve heard that professional BlackJack
play and card counting is illegal. Is this so?
Absolutely not. Firstly, card counting is just one
aspect of professional BlackJack play, and is not
disallowed under any rule. In fact, the Victorian
Casino and Gaming Authority held an inquiry into professional
BlackJack play in late 2001 and early 2002. This inquiry
held that counting cards presented no threat to gaming
in the casino being conducted honestly . Sadly, there
is a rule in the rules of BlackJack that allow casinos
to restrict play for absolutely no reason whatsoever!
It is this rule that casinos use to stop people who
they have identified as skillful winning players.
Skilled players are not banned or their play restricted
for counting cards, it happens simply because they
are winning. To learn more about avoiding detection
by the casino read FAQ 5 below. Sometimes casinos
perpetuate a myth that card counting is "cheating",
"dirty", "unethical" or even "illegal". It’s not surprising
that casinos will push this line, since card counting
and professional BlackJack play is a "problem" to
them. The problem is that the casino loses money!
When this occurs, they call it "cheating"! Professional
card counters simply use the information that is freely
available to all players, but process this information
in a more profitable way. Professional BlackJack play
is no more illegal than being a good golfer or bridge
player. It is a skill that simply involves intelligent
thought processes. Clearly a process which is merely
an intelligent type of thinking can not be deemed
illegal or even cheating.
5. If you teach me, won't I get banned or
restricted?
Almost definitely not. I have taught many students
and less than 3% of my students have ever been identified.
So why am I so well known to the casinos? My problem
when I first started playing professionally was that
I was very young and inexperienced. I wasn’t aware
of the fact that the casinos were going to act in
the way that they do. In fact, to win at casinos you
need to be able to play without the casinos being
aware that you are a professional. By the time I discovered
that, it was too late for me. Avoiding identification
by casinos as a skilled player is called camouflage
or cover. I have learnt a lot about cover (the hard
way), and it forms an important part of our teaching.
You will get the benefit of my many personal experiences
(and those of my previous students) and I will teach
you what to do and what not to do. This will greatly
reduce the chance of identification by the casino.
6. When did you start teaching professional
BlackJack?
I taught my first students in late 1993.
7. Why do you teach professional BlackJack?
I can’t win serious money playing BlackJack in Australia,
however I do travel overseas and the bulk of my money
still comes from actual playing. But I live in Australia
and I still want to be involved with the game in Australia.
This is why I founded blackJack-mAsters in 1993. I
must also admit there is an element of revenge against
Australian casinos. They thought I would be not be
able to establish such a school. I take pleasure in
knowing that I have succeeded in this, taking players
who would end up losing and turn them into long term
winners. And I’ve made many friends and changed many
lives over the years since establishing blackJack-mAsters.
Also, running blackJack-mAsters over the years has
allowed me to develop an information sharing network
of skilled professional players around the world.
This information assists me to identify excellent
profitable gaming opportunities around the world and
my students are always happy to share this information
with me since I have assisted them so much in their
lives.
8. If you teach everyone how to win, won’t
the casinos change the rules?
The number of people I have taught (and the number
of people I will ever be able to teach) is minuscule
when compared to the number of losing gamblers that
go to the casinos. Star City casino and Crown casino
combined, get millions of visits each year from losing
players. It would be impossible for me to turn even
1% of them into winning professionals. The game has
been established for so long, and is such a money
winner for the casinos from 99.9% of players, that
they would be very unlikely to seriously tamper with
it now. In fact, the Victorian Casino Gaming Authority
held an inquiry into the possibility of changing the
rules as a result of professional BlackJack play and
it was determined that no changes in the rules were
necessary.
9. How have your previous students gone?
Since the establishment of blackJack-mAsters in 1993
our enrolment continues to increase and our methods
have proved successful for thousands of BlackJack
players across the country. We only teach mathematically
proven and statistically valid methods of winning
at BlackJack. We keep in touch with many of our students
once they complete the course. I have had the personal
happiness of seeing many of them become independently
wealthy from their professional BlackJack careers.
Some of our best students now travel the world playing
BlackJack all expenses paid as the high rolling guests
of the casinos. Others choose to play less BlackJack
and use it to simply augment their existing incomes.
10. I hear you have a free repeat privilege.
What is that about?
BlackJack-mAsters has for many years offered an exceptional
free repeat privilege. The format of this free repeat
privilege has changed over the years. When we used
to offer the weekend seminar format (for more details
see FAQ 22 below), we would allow course participants
to repeat that course indefinitely into the future
forever absolutely free of any tuition fees. Now that
the course is only offered by the home study program
or by personalised tuition, the format of the free
repeat privilege has changed. Once you have undertaken
our Professional course, you may receive download
new editions of the Professional home study course
indefinitely into the future forever absolutely free
of any fees! Each time we publish a new edition of
the Professional Course, we will make it available
to our students to download free in the student resources
section of the website. Alternatively, if you wish
a new hard copy of the home study kit, we will only
charge you a very small fee which merely covers the
costs of printing and postage at the time. Once you
have undertaken our Advanced course, you may attend
future advanced courses absolutely free of any tuition
fees.
11. What guarantees do you provide?
The blackJack-mAsters course is founded on mathematically
proven and statistically valid methods that have stood
the test of time. In fact, we give you two guarantees.
Firstly, we have an unconditional 100% money back
satisfaction guarantee. If, after your first day’s
training at blackJack-mAsters you are dissatisfied
in any way, just return your course manual to us and
we will refund your course fees in full. Secondly,
we offer our bankroll based guarantee. If, after passing
our post course table test, you lose your starting
bankroll, we will gladly refund your course fees in
full. To date no student has ever claimed under this
guarantee!
12. How long does it take to master professional
BlackJack?
Becoming a professional BlackJack player is like
learning a trade or profession. I find that it takes
an average of three to four months from starting the
course before the student is ready to play professionally.
13. What if I have problems after I complete
the course?
I think it is important that students have support
while they are practicing and once they begin playing
professionally. blackJack-mAsters provides a telephone
support line for our students that is manned by the
staff at blackJack-mAsters, all of whom are experienced
BlackJack professionals. This telephone support is
totally free. In addition, students have access to
the students section of our website which includes
a library of resources for professional players and
four discussion boards for students at various levels
of experience. I am based in Melbourne, but travel
Australia and indeed the world extensively. I am happy
to occasionally meet students in person and spend
time helping them. I do not charge anything for meetings
like this; I consider it to be part of my responsibility
to provide support for students.
14. I'm not ready to do the course now, but
can I keep in touch and ask you questions about BlackJack?
No problem! Since we provide our students with ongoing
support indefinitely into the future we are very busy
here at blackJack-mAsters. We always try to focus
on helping our students first. However, once that
is done we love to help the public. We have provided
a public forum where you may post questions and comments.
I visit the public forum and make posts there to assist
members of the public. This forum provides a great
opportunity to get to know us over time.
15. What are continuous shuffling machines?
Don't they stop skilled players?
Continuous shuffling machines (CSMs) are not to be
confused with automatic shuffling machines (ASMs).
ASMs operate in many casinos without hampering the
skilled player at all. When an ASM is in operation,
the machine simply shuffles one set of cards while
the dealer is dealing another set (for example, one
eight deck shoe is being shuffled by the machine while
the dealer is dealing a shoe with the another set
of eight decks). These ASMs actually increase the
winnings of skilled players, because there is no downtime
while waiting for the dealer to shuffle. CSMs are
a completely different matter. When a CSM is in operation,
the dealer will take the cards just dealt from a round,
and insert them directly into the shuffling machine
(which is actually an extension of the shoe). These
cards then are re-shuffled back in to the shoe almost
immediately. It is theoretically possible for the
same card to come out on two rounds in a row if a
CSM is in use. This negates the effect of traditional
skilled play at BlackJack, and renders the game unbeatable
by using traditional methods. There are methods for
beating CSMs which vary from machine to machine, but
these techniques are not taught in the professional
course and can only be learnt once the traditional
methods for beating BlackJack are mastered. So you
may well ask, why don't casinos install these machines
on all their tables? On the surface, that would seem
a logical idea, but if you examine the CSM a little
further you will see why they are in fact unpopular
with well managed casinos. The casinos that do persevere
with them are usually the less well managed casinos.
The one and only advantage of CSMs from a casino's
point of view is that they stop most skilled players
from winning at BlackJack. Studies have shown that
the claim that CSMs speed up the game is false (the
shuffling time saved is almost equal to the extra
time spent feeding cards into the shoe). On the other
hand there are a multitude of disadvantages: CSMs
are very unpopular with regular gamblers: Gamblers
feel they can't exercise any skill on the game if
a CSM is in use, and the predominant attraction of
BlackJack is that it is perceived (quite correctly)
as a game of skill. Some gamblers feel that CSMs somehow
electronically rig the game against them. Gamblers
can't see all of the cards out of the shoe at once
and therefore are sceptical whether all the correct
cards are in play. Gamblers intuitively feel any new
development would only be introduced by the casino
if it were bad for the players. CSMs are very unpopular
with the gaming staff: Dealers are forced to swing
their spine through nearly 180 degrees after every
round (perhaps 100 times per hour) instead of after
every shoe (perhaps 3 to 4 times per hour), thus massively
increasing the strain on their bodies. It is cumbersome
and awkward to have to move the cards from the discard
rack back to the CSM after every round. Dealers are
forced to listen to the gamblers complaining about
the CSMs all night! CSMs can cost the casinos a lot
of money: CSMs are extremely expensive and are usually
subject to compulsory ongoing lease arrangements with
the supplying company (I have heard prices ranging
up to US$15,000 per CSM). CSMs often jam, ruining
cards and causing significant downtime and arguments
at the table. If a CSM jams and chews up cards, it
may mean that the table will have to close for a significant
period of time, perhaps 30 minutes. It can also lead
to player disputes at the table over the next card
which can be time-consuming and expensive to resolve,
and lead to considerable ill feeling. Since the players
don't like CSMs, those tables with CSMs tend to be
emptier than non-CSM tables thus leading to lower
turnover for the casino and therefore lower profit
per table on CSM tables CSMs are heavy, bulky and
cumbersome. This presents issues for their safe transport
and storage.
16. Why do some casinos offer games that
are great for skilled players, while some don't?
This is a very logical question, and again on the
surface it would seem logical for casinos to offer
games with conditions that are terrible for the skilled
player. But once again, the issue is a little more
complicated. It actually turns out that the better
the game is for the skilled player then the better
it is for the casino! This is because of the issue
of downtime. Most "anti-skilled player" techniques
involve lessening of turnover and slowing the game
down. While this certainly lessens the amount of money
the skilled players win from the casino it also lessens
the amount of money the casino wins from the ordinary
unskilled gamblers. Since the unskilled players outnumber
the skilled players by thousands to one, casinos are
much better off offering free flowing open games with
great conditions for skilled players. Historically,
casinos that have done this have fared very well since
the additional amount they have lost to skilled players
has been covered hundreds of times over by the additional
amount they have won from the unskilled gamblers.
17. What happened with your court case against
Crown casino?
First of all, it actually wasn't a court case. In
May 1999 I lodged a submission to the Victorian Casino
and Gaming Authority to amend the rules of BlackJack
in force at Crown casino (Melbourne, Australia). Primarily,
I wanted to remove the casino's power to indiscriminantly
restrict players for no reason. I also wanted to remove
the casino's ability to perform discriminatory shuffles.
This submission was dealt with within a legal framework.
A number of hearings of the VCGA were held to consider
my submission. As these hearings progressed it become
apparent that my probability of success was getting
higher and higher. My legal team won several key issues
and Crown casino did not win any. I spent $18,000
on our case and I understand Crown spent in the vicinity
of $150,000 in legal fees. After one particularly
significant victory in the process, Crown introduced
CSMs into an entire pit and then shortly thereafter
into a second BlackJack pit. Crown casino management
had an intense dislike for me because of the inconvenience
I was causing them, and it became obvious to me that
under no circumstances would Crown casino allow me
to be able to play skilled winning BlackJack. Even
if I won the case, Crown would simply introduce CSMs
throughout the entire casino (thus losing a huge amount
of money, but being able to claim the victory of stopping
professional players). If I won the case, it would
have been a pyrrhic victory. I would have won the
right to play an unbeatable game, and I would have
on my conscience the fact that I had ruined the game
for all my successful students who were currently
playing and winning in the casino undetected. For
these reasons, I withdrew my case.
18. Won't the casino notice that I am winning
and ban me?
If you are in one of the smaller casinos and you
are on a high stakes plan, then possibly yes. That's
why we don't recommend high stakes in small casinos.
In the larger casinos you can win quite large amounts
of money without being noticed at all. Especially
in a casino with a lot of action like Crown, daily
wins around the $5,000 mark or so hardly raise an
eyebrow. While it is the casino supervisor's job to
keep track of how much money you are winning or losing,
in practice this can be very difficult for casino
staff to do when the casino is busy.
19. What about other players on the table?
I've noticed that it seems I can't win if the other
players play badly!
It is a very common misconception that if you are
playing with other players on a BlackJack table and
your fellow players are not playing well, then it
is difficult (or even impossible) to win! Whilst the
game of BlackJack does give that impression to the
unitiated, highly skilled players know better. It
is true that bad decisions by other players can, on
individual ocassions, cause you to lose a hand you
would have otherwise won. However, it is equally true
that such bad decisions can also cause you to win
when you would have otherwise lost! In fact, over
the long run, these "wins when you would have lost"
and "losses when you would have won" all cancel out,
leaving your own skill level to determine your long
term results. It is very common for players to remember
the "losses when you would have won" much more than
the "wins when you would have lost". This is simply
human nature and a function of selective perception.
When another player makes a bad move which leads to
a "loss when you would have won", most players remember
that situation and can even harbour resentment to
the bad player which can simmer away for some time.
On the other hand when the opposite situation arises
creating a "win when you would have lost", the players
on the table breath a collective sigh of relief and
quickly forget the incident! I, and our students,
have won literally millions of dollars over the years,
and these winnings have almost all been won whilst
sitting on tables alongside normal unskilled players,
some of whom play extremely badly! Our students have
been playing and winning since 1993, and over these
many years their actual win has been almost exactly
the mathematically expected win amount. Whether the
other players on the table are skilled or unskilled
has made no difference to the final result.
20. Don't the casino try to plant their own
people into your courses in order to identify your
students?
This is a question often asked of us here at blackJack-mAsters.
In order to understand fully the answer to this question,
we need to explain the history behind how blackJack-mAsters
came to exist. I started playing BlackJack as a skilled
professional in 1988. Over the next five years I won
a substantial amount of money from Australian casinos,
but had little idea how to properly disguise my skill
from those casinos (I've since mastered those techniques
and our students now get the benefit of those disguise
techniques). By around 1993 it became impossible for
me to play in Australian casinos and this led to the
creation of blackJack-mAsters. Since then, I have
offered on numerous ocassions to close the school
and take on no new students (naturally while honouring
my obligations to our existing students), simply if
the casinos would allow me to once again play BlackJack
on their tables. Time and again the casinos across
Australia have refused. I can and do play BlackJack
in other casinos around the world, and in fact that
has been how I have made my money over the years,
by playing rather than teaching. However, I am Australian,
I like to live in Australia, and I enjoy continuing
to operate the school. The casinos seem to take the
attitude that the best thing to do is to completely
ignore our school. I believe the existence of blackJack-mAsters
is in fact an embarrassment to them, since many casino
executives told me privately in the early 1990s it
would be impossible to establish such a school. In
fact we have been thriving since 1993 and have created
many successful students. Because of casino executive
embarrassment, they tend to understate the threat
we create to their income streams. It's a pride thing
with most casino executives, who I suspect are silently
jealous of our success. If you ask the average casino
executive about blackJack-mAsters, they will generally
make some derogatory comment and move on in their
conversation. That's fine by us! If the casinos seriously
wanted to stop our activities, rather than trying
to infiltrate our courses, they could simply allow
me to play. I am only one person, and couldn't possibly
win as much as all the future students I teach will.
But casinos simply can't bring themselves to do this,
because it would mean admitting defeat. So casino
executives tend to downplay the threat to their superiors.
Even ignoring the above, what if a casino did infiltrate
one of our courses? So what? It would only be one
course, and they would need to take photos of each
person at the course. Then they would have to compare
those photos to the thousands and thousands of people
who frequent their casinos everyday. Even then they
still have to make a judgement on whether that student
was implementing what I had taught him correctly!
It simply isn't practical to go through this process.
We know casinos do not bother to do this because only
a very, very tiny percentage of our students are identified
by the casinos as winning players.
21. Why did you close the Southbank office?
After being at our Southbank Office since 1 February
1999, we closed the office on 1 June 2004. Of course
the school continued on as usual, but we found that
we were using the office less and less. In 1999 and
2000, we would see students in our office almost every
single day. In 2004, with the rise of email, our website
and the internet almost all of our student communication
became online or perhaps on the phone. Through 2003
and up to June 2004, we had been seeing students only
on Mondays, and we had been doing substantial amounts
of work electronically from remote locations while
travelling. Additionally, all our weekend seminars
were always at hired venues anyway. For these reasons,
we decided that it was no longer efficient to have
the office at Southbank.
22. Why don't you teach the Professional
Course (sessions 1 to 10) by weekend seminar anymore?
The advantages of the home study program are that
you can go at your own pace and it includes more learning
materials than the weekend seminar did (such as the
custom made video cassettes). Also we are able to
offer the home study kits cheaper than the weekend
seminar was. Another advantage of the home study kits
is that you can begin your study immediately, you
do not have to wait for the next weekend seminar to
come around as you did when we taught that way. We've
also found in this day and age of the internet and
email that students want their information here and
now and like to interact with us electronically much
more than they previously did, so the immediacy of
the home study kits lends itself well to this.
23. Do you have any plans to stop teaching
BlackJack?
I have been teaching since 1993 and scaled the business
back a little in June 2004 by changing offices to
a students-only private venue and scaling the staff
back from six to four. However, I have plenty of other
interests apart from BlackJack which I think is important
to keep me interested and fresh, hence I am as keen
as ever to take on and assist new students. We have
no plans to close the business, we enjoy interacting
with our students and we have plans to expand the
website with much more functionality in the future.
24. Are casino BlackJack winnings really tax
free? As you might imagine this is an issue of some
importance to winning skilled professional BlackJack
players. It is also an issue I have researched thoroughly
and taken legal advice on. Let me preface my answer
by say two things. Firstly, my answer only applies
to Australia, not other jurisdictions around the world.
Secondly, while I did work as an accountant specialising
in taxation for five and a half years, I do not hold
myself out to be an expert and what follows is not
professional taxation advice. You should consult your
own taxation professional about the circumstances
of your own individual case. It has long been established
that gambling winnings in Australia are completely
free of tax. The only scope for gambling winnings
to be considered assessable is if the gambler is considered
to be in the "business" of gambling. The word "business"
is not defined in the taxation legislation. Whether
one's gambling activities constitute a "business"
or not is to be determined on a case by case basis
by the Taxation Office and is subject to appeal to
various Tribunals and Courts. This very issue was
examined in detail by the Federal Court of Australia
in three separate cases in 1989: Evans v FC of T 89
ATC 4540; (1989) 20 ATR 922, Babka v FC of T 89 ATC
4963; (1989) 20 ATR 1251, and Brajkovich v FC of T
89 ATC 5227; (1989) 20 ATR 1570. In the first two
cases, the gamblers won substantial amounts of money
and the Taxation Office was trying to levy tax on
those winnings, arguing that the gamblers were in
the "business" of gambling. On both occasions the
Court refused to characterise the taxpayers activities
as a "business", even though they exhibited some elements
which could be characterised as business-like. In
the final case, the taxpayer lost substantial amounts
and was trying to claim a deduction as a "business"
expense, trying to argue that he was in the business
of gambling. Once again, the Court refused to characterise
the activities as a "business". As a result of these
cases, the Commissioner of Taxation issued an income
tax ruling about this very issue, IT 2655. Although
this ruling specifically dealt with racing not casino
gambling, the ruling held that "...it will be rare
for a taxpayer with no connection with racing other
than betting to be carrying on a business of betting
or gambling." It seems a logical conclusion that at
the very minimum an inference could be drawn that
the same might apply to the casino industry, i.e.
it would be rare for a taxpayer with no connection
to the casino industry other than betting would be
deemed to be carrying on a business of betting or
gambling in casinos. In fact to take it even further,
while it could be argued that connection with the
racing industry other than as a punter (e.g. as a
jockey, trainer, owner, etc) might give a person some
kind of "inside information" which would allow their
systematic and business-like betting to be considered
a business for tax purposes it is much harder to draw
a similar conclusion in the casino industry. Odds
in casinos are governed by pure objective mathematics
as opposed to the racing industry where the true odds
of a horse winning a race are difficult to define.
Inside information in racing might allow a punter
to know about a horse injury or a time trial that
the general public does not, but what inside information
about BlackJack could one obtain by being connected
to the casino industry that is not available to the
general gambling public? Everyone knows that there
are 52 cards in the deck. Everyone knows when the
cards will be shuffled. Income tax ruling IT 2655
also noted that "There is no Australian case in which
the winnings of a mere punter have been held to be
assessable (or the losses deductible)." Even more
relevant to the issue of the tax status of BlackJack
winnings was the Administrative Appeals Tribunal case
49/96 held on 22 August 1996. In this case it was
held that "It would be virtually impossible to carry
on a business of gambling (in the sense used in taxation
cases) at the casino by the method of counting the
cards at blackjack." It is quite clear that winnings
from counting cards at BlackJack are not considered
assessable income in Australia. As a practical matter
there are two other reasons which make it unlikely
that the Tax Office would ever try to levy tax on
a casino player's winnings. Firstly, there is the
difficulty of establishing the amount won, and secondly
if the Tax Office were ever to levy such tax, it would
open the floodgates for high rolling losing gamblers
to claim that they are in the business of gambling
and therefore to claim a deduction for their losses.
Proceed
to letter from Tim
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